The 1851 Colt Navy revolver, a legendary firearm of the American Old West, gained even more versatility with the introduction of conversion cylinders. These weren't just accessories; they represented a significant technological leap, transforming a black powder revolver into a potentially more accurate and powerful weapon capable of firing metallic cartridges. This article delves into the fascinating history and mechanics of 1851 Colt Navy conversion cylinders.
Understanding the 1851 Colt Navy Revolver
Before discussing conversion cylinders, it's crucial to understand the original 1851 Colt Navy. This iconic .36 caliber percussion revolver, with its distinctive fluted cylinder and Navy-sized grip, was a staple for soldiers, lawmen, and civilians alike. Its popularity stemmed from its relatively high capacity (six shots), reliable action, and ease of use. However, its reliance on loose black powder charges and individually loaded percussion caps presented inherent limitations in terms of accuracy, consistency, and speed of reloading.
The Limitations of Percussion Caps
The percussion cap system, while revolutionary for its time, had drawbacks. Variations in cap strength, powder charges, and the finickiness of ignition led to inconsistent performance. Misfires were not uncommon, a significant disadvantage in a life-or-death situation. The relatively slow reloading process further hindered its practical use in rapid-fire scenarios.
The Rise of Metallic Cartridges and Conversion Cylinders
The mid-1800s witnessed the development and gradual adoption of metallic cartridges—self-contained units combining powder, primer, and bullet in a single casing. This innovation promised greater accuracy, faster reloading, and more consistent performance. Recognizing this advancement, Colt and other manufacturers began producing conversion cylinders for their existing revolvers.
How Conversion Cylinders Worked
Conversion cylinders were designed to fit directly onto the existing frame of an 1851 Navy revolver, replacing the original percussion cylinder. These cylinders featured chambers bored to accept the new metallic cartridges, usually .22 Short, .22 Long Rifle, or .38 Short Colt, depending on the specific conversion cylinder. The conversion cylinder design varied slightly between manufacturers, but the basic principle remained consistent: a simple, relatively safe method to modernize an existing firearm.
Key Differences Between Original and Conversion Cylinders:
| Feature | Original Percussion Cylinder | Conversion Cylinder |
|---|---|---|
| Ammunition | Loose black powder & ball | Metallic cartridges |
| Ignition System | Percussion cap | Cartridge primer |
| Accuracy | Lower | Higher |
| Reloading Speed | Slower | Faster |
| Reliability | Less consistent | More consistent |
Popular Conversion Cylinder Calibers
Several calibers saw use with the 1851 Navy conversion cylinders:
- .22 Short: A common and relatively inexpensive cartridge, often chosen for target practice or informal shooting.
- .22 Long Rifle: Offering slightly increased power and range compared to the .22 Short.
- .38 Short Colt: This caliber provided more substantial power, bringing the converted revolver closer to the original .36 caliber's performance, but with improved consistency.
The Impact of Conversion Cylinders
Conversion cylinders significantly extended the lifespan and utility of the 1851 Colt Navy. Rather than becoming obsolete with the advent of cartridge revolvers, many existing Navy revolvers were successfully adapted for continued use. This made them valuable assets for those who couldn't afford or didn't have access to the latest cartridge firearms.
Case Study: The Civil War
During the American Civil War, conversion cylinders played a notable role. Soldiers and officers often utilized them to adapt their existing Navy revolvers to the more efficient and reliable cartridge system. While not as powerful as purpose-built cartridge revolvers, the adapted pistols proved to be a useful alternative.
Collecting and Appraising 1851 Colt Navy Conversion Cylinders
Today, original 1851 Colt Navy conversion cylinders are highly sought-after collectibles. Their rarity and historical significance contribute to their value. Authenticity and condition are critical factors determining their appraisal. Collectors carefully examine markings, manufacturer details, and the overall condition of the cylinder to assess its worth.
Factors Affecting Value:
- Manufacturer: Reputable makers command higher prices.
- Caliber: Certain calibers are more desirable than others.
- Condition: Excellent condition, lacking significant damage or wear, significantly increases value.
- Rarity: Scarcer conversion cylinders are more valuable.
Conclusion
The 1851 Colt Navy conversion cylinder represents a fascinating chapter in firearms history. It showcases the ingenuity of adapting existing technology to accommodate advancements, extending the life and practical use of a classic weapon. These cylinders offer a glimpse into the evolving landscape of firearms technology during the 19th century and remain significant items for collectors and firearm enthusiasts alike.