The .45-70 Government cartridge—often shortened to .45-70—holds a legendary status among firearms enthusiasts. Its history is rich, its power undeniable, and its enduring popularity speaks volumes. But what exactly is the .45-70 caliber? This article will explore the caliber's dimensions, history, uses, and enduring legacy in the world of firearms.
Understanding Caliber and the .45-70
The term "caliber" refers to the diameter of the projectile (bullet) a firearm fires. However, it's not always a straightforward measurement. For the .45-70, the ".45" refers to the approximate diameter of the bullet in inches (0.458 inches to be precise). The "70" denotes the approximate weight of the black powder charge in grains used in its original military loading. This isn't the weight of the bullet, but rather the propellant.
Key Characteristics of the .45-70 Cartridge:
- Bullet Diameter: Approximately 0.458 inches
- Case Length: 2.105 inches
- Original Propellant: 70 grains of black powder
- Modern Propellants: A wide variety of smokeless powders are now used.
- Bullet Weights: From around 300 grains to over 500 grains.
A Storied History: From Battlefield to Hunting Grounds
The .45-70's origins trace back to the late 19th century. Adopted by the United States Army in 1873, it served as the standard cartridge for the Springfield Trapdoor rifle and later the Krag–Jørgensen rifle. It played a significant role in various conflicts, including the Indian Wars and the Spanish-American War.
The .45-70's Military Service:
- Springfield Trapdoor Rifle (1873): This single-shot breech-loading rifle was the .45-70's initial platform. Its slow rate of fire was offset by the cartridge's substantial stopping power.
- Krag–Jørgensen Rifle (1892): This bolt-action rifle improved upon the Trapdoor's design. It offered faster reloading, enhancing the .45-70's effectiveness in combat.
- Legacy: The cartridge's immense stopping power earned it a reputation on the battlefield, contributing to its enduring legacy.
Transition to Sporting Use:
After its military retirement, the .45-70 found a new home in the hunting world. Its potent stopping power made it a favorite for large game hunting, especially black bears, elk, and even buffalo. Today, many hunters continue to rely on the .45-70 for its effectiveness and reliability.
Modern Applications and Variations
While rooted in the 19th century, the .45-70 remains surprisingly relevant in the 21st. Modern ammunition manufacturers offer a wide variety of loads, catering to both hunters and shooters.
Modern .45-70 Ammunition Types:
- Hard-cast lead bullets: These offer excellent penetration and are popular for hunting larger game.
- Jacketed bullets: Offering higher velocity and better accuracy, these are suitable for both hunting and target shooting.
- Soft-point bullets: Designed for controlled expansion and greater stopping power on game animals.
The .45-70 Today: A Cartridge that Endures
The .45-70's journey from battlefield to hunting grounds and beyond showcases its exceptional versatility and staying power. Its history, performance, and continued popularity solidify its place as a classic and enduring cartridge. While modern cartridges offer higher velocities, the .45-70's devastating power and historical significance remain unmatched. Whether used for hunting, collecting, or target shooting, the .45-70 continues to fascinate and inspire shooters of all levels.